How Confucianism should be revived
儒学应该如何复兴
11/01/2009
上个世纪80年代末，我认识了几位海外中国留学生，其中一个后来成为我的夫人。
The last century, the late 80's, I know a few overseas Chinese students, one of which later became my wife.
当时，我不会讲中文，对中国文化了解甚少，这似乎成了我和新认识的朋友们沟通的障碍。
At that time, I can not speak Chinese, very little understanding of Chinese culture, which seem to have become the new understanding of myself and friends of the obstacles to communication.
因此，我决定学习中文，也决定学习中国文化。
So I decided to learn the Chinese language, also decided to study Chinese culture.
但那时中国学生的心思几乎完全扑在西方文化和政治上，他们普遍认为中国文化是中国"落后"的根源和走向现代化的障碍。
But then the thoughts of Chinese students almost entirely bashing in Western culture and politics, and they generally think that Chinese culture is China's "backward" toward the root causes of and obstacles to modernisation.
很难预料到，20年后我竟然到了北京清华大学讲授政治理论，更没料到时代精神(zeitgeist)竟出现了这么大的转变：
如今，中国学生常常从中国文化中寻找灵感和指导。
It is difficult to envisage that after 20 years I had to Tsinghua University in Beijing teaching political theory, but also did not expect the spirit of the times (zeitgeist) has come up with so many changes: Today, Chinese students are often from the Chinese culture for inspiration and guidance.
儒学似乎特别处于中国文化复兴的前沿。
Confucianism seems particularly at the forefront of China's cultural renaissance.
如何解释这种时代精神的转变?
How to explain this change in the spirit of the times?
它对于思考中国的未来有什么隐含意义?
It is thinking what the future of China implied meaning?
为什么复兴?
Why Renaissance?
中国传统的复兴有几个原因。
The revival of the traditional Chinese for several reasons.
其中一个在本质上是经济原因。
One of them is essentially economic reasons.
随着中国的经济力量不断壮大，文化上的自豪感油然而生。
With China's growing economic power, cultural pride felt.
考虑到拥有儒学传统的东亚在经济上的成功，儒家思想不利于经济发展的韦伯式观点开始受到广泛质疑。
Taking into account the traditions of Confucianism in East Asia's economic success, Confucianism is not conducive to economic development in the beginning of Weberian perspective has been widely questioned.
随着中国成为全球大国，现在轮到中国开始确认自己的文化传统了。
With China as the world's great powers, and now China has begun to confirm their own cultural tradition.
因此，诸如儒学这样的传统在中国复兴就没有什么好奇怪的了。
Therefore, such as the traditional Confucian revival in China are not any good at all strange.
另外，儒家道德能帮助填补往往是伴随现代化而来的道德真空。
In addition, the Confucian ethics can help to fill the often comes accompanied by the modernisation of moral vacuum.
我们知道，现代性也有不利的一面。
We know that modernity is also a negative side.
它常常导致一种原子主义和心理上的焦虑。
It often leads to a kind of atom, and psychological anxiety.
对于社会地位和物质资源的竞争变得越来越激烈，随着社会责任感的衰落和其他倾向的世界观的出现，集体主义生活方式和文明开始崩溃。
For social status and material resources become more and more intense competition, with the decline of social responsibility and other tendencies of the emerging world view, the collective way of life and civilisation began to collapse.
即使那些成功者也开始询问"现在该做什么呢?
"人们认识到赚钱不一定导致幸福。
Even those who have begun successful asked "Now do?" People realise that money does not necessarily lead to happiness.
它只是获得好生活的手段，但究竟什么是好生活呢?
It only means of access to good living, but what is good life?
仅仅追求自己的利益吗?
Only the pursuit of their own advantage?
至少在中国，许多人并不想被看作个人主义的。
At least in China, many people do not want to be seen as individualism.
只关注个人幸福似乎过于以自我为中心了。
Only appear to be overly concerned about the personal well-being self-centreed the.
要真正自我感觉良好，我们也需要对他人好。
To really feel good, we also need good of others.
就是在这里儒家思想发挥作用了：
传统就是建立在好生活在于尽到社会责任的假设基础上：
做个完整的人，就要承担社会责任和政治承诺。
Confucian thinking is to play a role here: the tradition is built on the good life is the social responsibility to make assumptions based on: to be a complete person, he ought to bear social responsibility and political commitment.
当然，传统复兴的背后还有其他的因素：
政府领导人在演讲中使用孔子的语录和儒家思想；
Of course, behind the revival of traditional, there are other factors: government leaders in his speech, the use of quotations from Confucius and Confucianism;
奥运会突出显示了儒家思想，比如在开幕式上和发给外国记者的宣传册上引用《论语》的名言；
Olympics highlighted the Confucian thinking, for example, at the opening ceremony and distributed to foreign journalists brochures invoked famous expressions from the Lun Yu;
在海外，政府通过建立类似于法国的法语联盟或者德国的歌德学院的孔子学院，旨在宣传中国语言和文化，推动儒学传播。
in overseas, the Government through the establishment of the French Union, similar to France or Germany's Goethe Institute Confucius Institute, aimed at promoting Chinese language and culture, and promote the dissemination of Confucianism.
许多具有批评思想的知识分子也转向儒学来思考处理中国当的现实问题。
Many have criticised the idea of Confucian intellectuals turned to consider when dealing with China's reality.
在20世纪的大部分时间里，中国的很多知识分子都在批评自己的文化遗产，向西方寻求灵感。
In the 20th century Most of the time, many intellectuals in China are criticizing their own cultural heritage, to the West to seek inspiration.
今天，中国知识分子没有完全抛弃西化，但也从传统中寻求灵感。
Today, Chinese intellectuals did not completely abandon the Westernisation, but also to seek inspiration from the traditional.
在过去十多年里，讲授儒家经典开始再次成为社会主流。
In the past decade, the teaching of Confucian classics started to once again become the mainstream of society.
曾经被认为"封建"、"等级差别"、"家长制"、"落后"等而抛弃的儒家传统现在得到更加宽容的对待，以便从中得到一些教训。
Was once considered "feudal," "grade difference," "patriarchal," "backward" and abandoning the traditional Confucian now be treated more tolerant in order to get some lessons.
关于儒学的学术会议和书籍在中国大量出现，大学里的儒学课程往往是最受学生欢迎的热门。
Academic Conference on Confucianism and books have emerged in China, Confucian university courses often the most popular students.
中小学的教学课程现在也包括了经典讲授内容，
而且还建立了许多主要是读经的实验学校。
Curriculum in primary and secondary schools now includes teaching of classical content, but also established a number of mainly read by the Experimental School.
简而言之，心理、经济、政治和哲学趋势的这种结合帮助解释了儒学在中国的复兴。
In short, psychological, economic, political and philosophical trends of this combination helps explain the revival of Confucianism in China.
但是，因为儒学本身拥有丰富和多样化的传统，复兴的儒学也不只一个派别。
However, because of Confucianism have their own rich and diverse tradition of the Confucian revival is not only a faction.
Confucian revival in the greatest impact is on Dan, she wrote of "The Analects of Confucius" self-help book sales are said to more than 10 million.
她成为全国闻名的明星，经常在电视上讲解儒学给日常生活带来的好处。
She became nationally renowned for its star, frequently on television to explain Confucianism to the benefits of daily life.
但是从学术角度看，她的贡献或许不那么显著：
她故意回避了有争议的问题，运用非历史性的简单化为她的观点服务。
But from an academic point of view, her contribution may not be so obvious: She deliberately avoided the controversial issues, the use of non-historic simplistic point of view for her services.
更重要的问题是，于丹自己公开承认，她对儒家的解释忽略了比如社会责任和政治承诺等重要的儒家观念。
More importantly, the problem is that Yu Dan himself openly acknowledged that her interpretation of Confucian overlooked such as social responsibility and political commitment to such important concepts of Confucianism.
她的《论语》解读似乎是没有政治色彩的，实际上是把人们的注意力从造成人民痛苦的经济和政治条件转移到了别的地方，因而是对于现状的一种委婉的辩护。
She's "The Analects of Confucius" interpretation seems to be no political colour, in fact, is to deflect attention from the suffering of the people caused by the economic and political conditions shifted to other places, so it is a euphemism for the status of the defense.
学术性更强的复兴，当然包括一些并不是为了直接影响当代社会而进行的对儒家传统中重要人物的历史研究和解释，但我们更感兴趣的是那些对政治儒学的竞争性解释。
Stronger academic renaissance, of course, including some not for a direct impact on contemporary society carried out on an important figure in the Confucian tradition of historical research and interpretation, but we are more interested in are those of political competition in the interpretation of Confucianism.
这些解释都旨在影响我们的社会和生活方式。
These explanations are intended to affect our society and way of life.
其中一个派别是主要由海外学者诸如杜维明和狄百瑞(Theodore de Bary)推动的"自由派儒学"。
One faction is mainly by overseas scholars, such as Tu Wei-ming and De Bary (Theodore de Bary) to promote a "liberal Confucianism."
儒学不一定和人权、民主等自由价值冲突，它可以被用来推动这些价值。
Confucianism is not necessarily and human rights, democracy and freedom of the value of conflict, it can be used to promote these values.
但是"自由派儒学"的问题是：
自由主义作为道德立场来评价儒学，和自由主义吻合的部分应该被推动，和自由主义冲突的部分应该被抛弃。
But "liberal Confucianism," the question is: liberalism as a moral position to evaluate the Confucianism, and the liberal part of anastomosis should be promoted, and the liberal part of the conflict should be abandoned.
但是这种途径没有把儒学当作能够丰富和挑战自由传统的严肃传统来看待。
But not in this way as to enrich the Confucian tradition of freedom and challenges the traditional view of the serious.
儒学难道不能成为和西方自由主义抗衡的有说服力的其他选择吗?
Is Confucianism and Western liberalism can not be a counterweight to convincing the other choice?
自由派儒家倾向于排斥这样的可能性，因而毫不奇怪的是，这个形式的"儒学"在中国知识分子中并不特别受欢迎，他们本来渴望从儒学中寻求灵感的。
Confucian liberals tend to exclude such a possibility, which is not surprising that this form of "Confucianism" in China's intellectuals are not particularly popular, they have been eager to seek inspiration from the Confucianism.
儒学不仅仅是推广自由价值的工具。
Confucianism is not only a tool for the promotion of liberal values.
另外一种儒学可以被称为"左派儒学"。
Another Confucianism can be referred to as the "leftist Confucianism."
中国的新左派和儒家知识分子在进行对话，商讨左派儒学的目标，强调知识分子的批评责任，以及国家有义务为民众提供物质生活幸福的条件等思想，这在十年前几乎是不可思议的。
China's new left-wing intellectuals and Confucianism during the dialogue with the leftist goal of Confucianism, stressing the responsibility of intellectuals in the criticism, as well as the State's obligation to provide material for the people living conditions of the well-being of thinking, which a decade ago almost inconceivable.
这些价值的根源主要来自孔子、孟子、荀子等在儒家思想成为官方正统思想前的"原始儒学"。
The root causes of these values mainly from Confucius, Mencius, Xun Zi, such as in Confucianism became the official orthodoxy before thinking of the "original Confucianism."
在皇权时代，批评的传统是由杨继盛、黄宗羲、顾炎武等学者实现的。
In imperial times, criticised by the traditional杨继盛, Huang Zongxi, Gu and other scholars realised.
今天，甘阳在呼吁创立"儒家社会主义共和国"。
Today, GAN Yang calling for the creation of "Confucian socialist republic."
蒋庆公开承认他们对于儒家传统的解释最接近社会主义理想。
Jiang openly admitted that they are closest to the interpretation of the traditional Confucian ideal of socialism.
这种儒学传统的目标是影响现实，但是它仍然区别于国家权力和正统思想，总是准备好指出理想和社会现实之间的差距。
This Confucian tradition aims to influence the reality, but it is still different from the state power and orthodoxy of thought, always ready to point out that the ideals and the gap between social reality.
左派儒学是什么?
What is left of Confucianism?
左派儒学是把社会主义传统和儒家传统结合起来的尝试。
Confucianism is to the socialist left-wing tradition and the Confucian tradition of trying to combine.
这个方式不仅把社会主义当作标准
而且平等、严肃地对待儒学，在接触交流中用儒学来丰富社会主义。
This approach not only as a standard of socialism and equality, Confucianism seriously, in the contacts and exchanges between the use of Confucianism to enrich socialist.
但是我要指出，左派在使用儒学标签来推动根源于西方的进步和社会主义观点，这种做法和"自由派儒学"是类似的。
But I must point out that leftists in the use of Confucianism label to promote the progress rooted in the West and the socialist point of view, this approach and the "liberal Confucianism" are similar.
中国需要吸纳"西方"的一些价值，但同时它们需要被儒学来丰富，有时候也需要儒学来限制。
China needs to absorb the "Western" some value, but at the same time they need to be Confucianism to enrich, and sometimes also need to limit Confucianism.
通过突出传统的左派价值，添加一些"儒学"特征，"左派儒学"的意思将变得更清楚。
By highlighting the value of the traditional left-wing, add some "Confucianism" characteristics, "leftist Confucianism" means will become clearer.
下面的特征并非个个都是独特的儒家思想，但是它们合起来将构成保证配得上独特的"左派儒学"标签。
Not all the following characteristics is unique Confucian thinking, but they together would constitute a guarantee worthy unique "left Confucianism" tab.
1.独立的批评 1.
Independent criticism
Pui short Nanjing translation of Wu Wei 2009-1-10 2:14:03
苏格拉底以追求真理出名，他在暴露那些提出虚假真理者的错误时是毫不留情的。
Socrates to the pursuit of truth known, he exposed the truth of those who made false error is ruthless.
苏格拉底的榜样仍然影响着西方国家的教育制度，学生被教导要培养对所学内容进行批评的重要性，他们在追求真理时并不担心破坏社会和谐。
Socrates's example continued to affect the education system in Western countries, students have been taught to cultivate the content of the school the importance of criticism, they are not worried about when the pursuit of truth to undermine social harmony.
批评视角也影响着儒学。
Perspective also affect the criticism of Confucianism.
《论语》中最著名的段落之一就是"君子和而不同"，具有明显的政治内涵。
"The Analects of Confucius" in paragraph one of the most famous "gentlemen and different," have obvious political connotations.
"和"与"同"的对比首次出现在《左传》里，它指的显然是统治者应该对于谋士的众多不同政治观点持开放态度。
"Harmony" and "with" first appeared in contrast to "Zuo Zhuan," it is obviously referring to the rulers should be the advisor of a number of different open-minded political views.
在中国皇权时代，独立社会批评的理想在由学者型官员组成的督察院中制度化，这些人被授权批评王朝错误的政策。
China's imperial era, the ideal of an independent social criticism by the scholar-officials, the Inspector of Hospitals in the institutionalisation of these people have been authorised to criticise the wrong policies dynasty.
独立的儒家书院是培训学者的批评艺术的地方，它们常常位于远离国都的地方，这样不至于受到政治控制。
College is an independent Confucian scholars criticised the training of local arts, they are often located far away from the countries where this is not subject to political control.
受到儒家思想启发的社会批评家比如杨继盛和黄宗羲在正式的渠道外还发表更尖锐的政治批评。
Inspired by Confucian ideas of social critics such as Huang Zongxi杨继盛and formal channels, but also made more acute political criticism.
但是儒学的新花样，姑且这么说吧，是批评只有建立在社会和谐与信任的基础上才能收到效果。
But Confucianism new tricks, let so to speak, is the only criticism of the establishment of social harmony and trust in order to achieve the desired result.
如果两个敌人相互批评，他们就要质疑各自的动机，结果肯定是更多的流血。
If two enemies to criticise each other, they have questioned their motives, the result is certainly more bloodshed.
批评如果建立在相互信任的纽带基础上，可能是最有效的。
If criticism of the establishment of ties of mutual trust basis, may be the most effective.
批评应该被看作出于关爱而不是敌对的动机。
Criticism should be seen as out of love rather than hostile motives.
实际上，它意味着批评应该以温和与谦虚的方式表达出来，以便维持和谐的关系。
In fact, it means that criticism should be moderate and modest way to express, in order to maintain a harmonious relationship.
今天，"不失面子"的语言被用来表达这个理想。
Today, the "losing face" language is used to express this ideal.
2.关心弱势群体 2.
Concerned about the vulnerable groups
社会主义者和左派儒学同意政府的首要义务是为社会中的弱势群体提供帮助。
Socialists and left-wing Confucian agree with the Government's primary obligation is to vulnerable groups in society to help.
在一定程度上，他们也对弱势群体意味着什么有一致意见：
它的意思是被剥夺了确保任何体面的好生活概念所需要的物质资料。
To some extent, they are also vulnerable groups have consensus on what it means: It means exactly what it was denied to ensure that any concept of decent living, the necessary material.
但是儒学可能加上新的含义，即弱势不仅仅是缺少金钱。
However, Confucianism may add new meaning, that is vulnerable is not just a lack of money.
同样严重的伤害是被剥夺了构成好生活的家庭和朋友陪伴机会的人。
Less serious injuries are deprived of what constitutes a good life, family and friends to accompany opportunities.
因此，当孟子说政府应当首先考虑"鳏寡孤独"时，他说的不仅是那些在物质上贫穷的人。
Therefore, when Mencius said that the Government should first consider "鳏寡孤独," he said that not only those in material poverty.
对于孟子来说，他们处于弱势部分是因为(不是主要的)他们被剥夺了主要的人际关系。
For Mencius, they are vulnerable in part because (not major) that they were deprived of key relationships.
这种观点帮助解释了为什么受到儒家传统影响的东亚国家常常依赖家庭来提供福利服务，国家帮助那些没有家庭成员的人。
This view helps explain why affected by Confucian traditions of East Asian countries often rely on their families to provide welfare services to countries to help those who have no family members.
比如新加坡的健康保险计划是以家庭为单位，而不是以个人为单位的。
For example, Singapore's health insurance scheme is family-based units, rather than individual units.
家庭成员有责任照顾相互的保险，包括长大的孩子有义务为年长的父母办理保险，类似的安排也在中国的农村地区实施。
Family members have a responsibility to take care of each other's insurance, including children who grew up under an obligation to elderly parents for insurance, similar arrangements in China's rural areas.
国家负责没有亲属的老人的生活。
The State is responsible for the elderly do not have relatives living.
这样的保险安排在西方似乎是奇怪的，但是在有儒家传统的东亚国家并没有多大的争议。
Such insurance arrangements in the West seems to be strange, but in the Confucian tradition of East Asian countries, there is little controversy.
3.关心经济平等 3.
About economic equality
社会主义者寻求减少贫富差距。
Socialists seek to reduce the gap between rich and poor.
在西方国家，他们也倾向于支持社会平等，也就是说，不管身份如何，人人都把对方当作平等的人的社会。
In Western countries, they also tend to support social equality, that is to say, regardless of status, all regarded each other as equal human society.
无论老少，无论是老板还是雇员，在从事日常的社会行为时，应尽可能不考虑社会地位。
Regardless of age, regardless of the boss, employees engaged in the social behavior of day-to-day as far as possible without considering social status.
比如，他们应该使用名字称呼对方。
For example, they should use each other's names.
社会和经济平等被认为是结合在一起的可能有几个原因。
Social and economic equality is considered the possibility of combining a number of reasons.
其中一个是理想的社会应该消除不管是建立在社会地位上还是在阶级上的所有权力关系(现代自由观点，比如约翰·罗尔斯的最初观点和尤尔根·哈贝马斯的理想演说情景都在于表达平等权利的理想)。
One is the ideal society should be eliminated, whether based on social status or in the class of all power relations (a modern liberal views, such as the initial views and约翰罗尔斯Jurgen Habermas ideal speech scenarios is to express the ideal of equal rights).
另一个理由是社会平等更可能造成经济平等：
人们越平等地对待他人，就越可能支持旨在减少贫富差距的措施。
Another reason is the social equality are more likely to lead to economic equality: It is more equal treatment of others, more likely to support measures to reduce the gap between rich and poor.
儒学不否认一个理想的社会应该消除所有权力关系。
Confucius did not deny that an ideal society should be the elimination of all power relations.
但儒家是现实主义者，他们想当然地认为权力关系必然存在于大规模的社会，问题是如何让权力关系有利于无权者的利益。
However, Confucianism is a realist, they take for granted that power relations are bound to exist in large-scale community, the question is how to make power relations is conducive to the interests of the powerless.
这是第二个儒学特征：
儒家不怎么担心社会等级差别，尤其是建立在年龄和成就基础上的差别。
This is the second Confucianism features: Confucian do not worry about differences in social hierarchy, in particular, is built on the basis of age and achievements difference.
如果必须在社会平等以及经济平等之间做出选择，儒家将选择经济平等，而社会不平等被用来为经济平等服务。
If you must in the social equality and economic equality to choose between, Confucianism will choose economic equality, and social inequality was used for economic equality of service.
这是怎么产生的呢?
This is how selected?
古代儒家思想家荀子提出了包括由不同社会地位的人组成的社会礼仪的观点。
Ancient Confucian philosopher Xunzi put forward by the different social status of members of the social etiquette point of view.
通过参加共同的仪式，那些地位更高的人形成照顾他人的感情，因而更愿意为公共利益服务。
By participating in the ceremony together, those were the formation of a higher status to take care of other people's feelings, and thus more willing to serve the public interest.
比如，日本和韩国的老板可能喜欢和雇员一起唱卡拉OK。
For example, Japan and South Korea's boss and the employees might like to sing karaoke OK.
这种仪式是有差别的，老板第一个唱，唱的时间或许还长些，但是经过了一段唱歌和喝酒等后，更亲热的关系得到巩固，老板就更少可能在经济困难时期裁员。
This ceremony is different, the boss first个唱singing time and perhaps longer, but after a period of singing and drinking, etc., the more intimate the relationship has been consolidated, the boss and even less likely to layoffs during periods of economic difficulty.
这样的礼仪帮助解释了日本和韩国大公司实行终身雇佣的模式。
This ritual helps explain large companies in Japan and South Korea to implement the model of lifetime employment.
更常见的情况是这种所有人都参与的仪式帮助解释了为什么日本和韩国这两个在社会上最不平等的东亚国家在财富分配方面相对更平等。
More common situation is that everyone involved in the ceremony helps explain why Japan and South Korea both in the community the most unequal distribution of wealth in the East Asian countries relatively more equal.
或许有些小国，比如挪威，相对来说有单一性并拥有大量自然资源，因而能够提供任何方式的平等，但是儒家认识到大多数社会需要做出选择，要么成为像美国这样的采用财富形式表达权力的社会平等社会，要么成为用表达不同社会地位的被非正式礼仪约束的社会，有权力者不需要依靠物质财富来显示同等程度的"优越感"。
Perhaps some small countries, such as Norway, relatively speaking, there are single and have a large number of natural resources, and thus able to provide any form of equality, however, recognise that the majority of the Confucian society needs to make a choice, either to become like the United States of using the power of wealth in the form of expression social equality in society, or become used to express different social status of the informal etiquette bound society, have the power to those who do not need to rely on the material wealth to show the same degree of "superiority."
对于儒家来说，后一种社会更好，关键是推动包括有权者和无权者在内的共同礼仪，让有权者感受到和无权者的共同体意识，因此不大可能通过物质财富这样的支配形式。
For Confucianism, the latter a better society, the key is to promote, including the right and the powerless, including the common decency to allow the right to persons who have no right to feel and sense of community, it is unlikely that the adoption of material wealth This form of domination.
西方社会主义者和儒家的另一个差别是前者更容易选择政治权和公民权，如果它们和获取物质平等的经济权利发生冲突的时候。
Western socialists and Confucianism Another difference is more easily choose the former political and civil rights, and access to material if they equal economic rights when in conflict.
美国宪法表达了公民和政治权利的基本自由倾向。
Constitution of the United States expressed its civil and political rights tend to the fundamental freedoms.
即使像约翰·罗尔斯这样的左派自由主义者没有多少论证就认定如果发生冲突的时候，公民权和政治权优越于经济正义的原则。
Even leftists such as约翰罗尔斯liberals do not have much argument on that if there is conflict, civil and political rights superior to the principle of economic justice.
罗尔斯确实允许近于饿死的非常贫困的社会有优先获取食物的权利，但这是西方大部分左派在为了经济权利的利益而牺牲公民和政治权利时愿意走的最远极限。
Rolls really allowed to starve to death near the very poor community has the right to priority access to food, but this is the most Western leftists in the interests of economic rights to the expense of civil and political rights are willing to go the farthest limit.
在东亚，人们认为获得食物的权利是第一位的。
In East Asia, people think that the right to food is the first one.
国家有义务为物质贫困者提供帮助的思想可以追溯到2000多年前，这和西方政治史不同。
States have an obligation to provide for the material to help the poor can be traced back to the thinking of more than 2000 years ago, that different political history and the West.
4.和陌生人的团结 4.
And the unity of strangers
团结是社会主义传统的核心价值(对自由主义传统就未必如此了)。
Solidarity is a socialist core value of the traditional (for liberal tradition is not necessarily the case a).
在西方，社会主义者已经提出了实现团结的不同手段。
In the West, the socialists have proposed various ways and means to achieve unity.
对于法国革命者来说，他们的任务是改变政治体制以及等级差别的社会实践，比如他们禁止使用正式的个人代词(vous)，认为应该代之以非正式的个人代词(tu)。
The French revolutionaries, their mission is to change the political system as well as the level of differences in social practice, such as a formal ban on the use of their personal pronoun (vous), that should be replaced by informal personal pronoun (tu).
对于马克思主义者来说，通向团结的道路在于阶级革命和废除生产资料私有制。
The Marxist, the path to unity is the road of revolution and the abolition of class system of private ownership.
社会民主党则认为国家通过推行公民权利平等的手段实现团结的价值。
Social Democratic Party believes that through the implementation of civil rights equal value means to achieve unity.
儒家实现团结的方式在手段和目的上都和他们不同。
Confucian way to achieve unity in the means and ends, and they are different.
这个思想表现在《大学》开头一段：
This idea expressed in "the University" at the beginning of paragraph:
物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。
Were then known to the grid, known to the latter intended to Prudential, Italy and then the heart is sincere, the heart is then body repair, body repair and then Garcia, Garcia and then the country governance, rule the country until the world is flat.
关系纽带从家庭开始被延伸到他人，到国家最终到达整个世界。
Relations between the bond from the family began to be extended to others, to the national final to reach the entire world.
但它的目的不是人人都平等对待的全球团结。
But its purpose is not everyone is equal treatment of global solidarity.
相反，关系纽带随着向外延伸而强度越来越弱。
In contrast, relations with the outward extension of ties and the growing strength of the weak.
人们也许对待陌生人很好，但是肯定没有达到像家庭成员那样的爱的程度。
People may treat strangers very good, but certainly did not meet as members of the family as the degree of love.
这个"差等的爱"的理想是如何实现的呢?
The "poor love," is how to achieve the ideal of it?
儒学强调了两个机制。
Confucianism stressed the importance of two mechanisms.
第一个是在家庭内部学习关爱和照顾他人。
The first one is to learn within the family love and care for others.
然后用家庭成员的标签和模式推广到非家庭成员身上，
从而把这种关心延伸到其他人。
Family members and then use the labels and model to non-family members to bring this concern extended to other people.
比如，在中国，好朋友和校友之间总是以兄弟姐妹相称，毕业留校的辅导员称学生为弟弟妹妹，在最好的情况下，老板和雇员之间也用家庭一样的语言相互称呼。
For example, in China, between good friends and alumni brothers and sisters always commensurate graduation counselors said students staying in school for younger brothers and sisters, in the best of circumstances, between bosses and employees also used the same language family called each other .
家庭称呼的这些术语向非家庭成员的延伸比大部分西方语言都更广泛，这有助于东亚社会的团结。
The family name of these terms to an extension of non-family members than most Western languages more widely, which helps the unity of the East Asian community.
儒学团结还通过教导和提升人的道德的礼仪来实现，尤其是在竞争性关系的情况下，这种竞争如果不带来战争，至少可能产生敌意和对抗。
Confucianism unity through education and to enhance people's moral etiquette to achieve, especially in a competitive relationship, the competition brought about by the war if we do not, at least the potential hostility and confrontation.
儒学认为人类欲望能够破坏社会合作，我们的任务是将这些欲望文明化而不是压抑这些欲望。
Confucianism that the human desire to be able to undermine social cooperation, our task is to translate these desires civilisation rather than to suppress these desires.
这对于"胜利者"那些有权力有社会地位的人尤其重要。
This is "a winner" Those who have the power to have the social status of people is especially important.
他们要以文明的方式行动，旨在将人类欲望文明化的仪式中表现出谦逊和尊重。
They want a civilised manner of action, seeks to human civilisation, the desire of the ceremony to show modesty and respect.
这些礼仪在过去和现在的体育运动中表现得特别突出。
These rituals in the past and present sport was especially prominent.
让我们看看儒家对于君子射手的描述：
Let us look at the Confucian gentleman scorer for the description:
君子无所争，必也射乎！
Gentlemen's no dispute, will also shot even!
揖让而升,下而饮。
Yi allow the rise, and drink the next.
其争也君子。
Its indisputable also gentlemen.
这样的礼仪也指导了在西方国家中的体育运动，人们很快会想到的是帮助把摔倒的对手扶起来的礼仪，足球比赛结束后交换被汗水湿透的短袖衫等，但是礼仪在受儒家影响的东亚社会中发展起来的体育活动中处于更核心的地位。
This ritual is also guided the Western countries in the sport, people will soon think of is to help the fall ritual of walking up, after the exchange of a football match was drenched in sweat shirt, etc., but in etiquette East Asia affected by the Confucian society of sports development in a more central position.
在2008年北京奥运会上，中国的金牌获得者往往表现得更谦逊，对对手更友好，这或许是受到奥运会前进行的讲文明运动的影响。
In the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China's gold medal winners tend to show more humility, more friendly to the opponent, which may be carried out before the Olympic Games by stressing civilisation and movement.
同样道理，中国观众一般来说也更尊重其他参赛队伍或者运动员。
Similarly, Chinese audiences are generally more respectful of other teams or athletes.
5.全球正义 5.
Global Justice
社会主义者在正义问题上往往采取全球视角。
Socialists in the justice issues often take a global perspective.
儒家同意政治的最终目的是服务于世界人民的政府形式，或者至少是考虑到他们的利益。
Confucian agree with the ultimate goal of politics is to serve the people of the world form of government, or at least take into account their interests.
这是全民政治，但什么人重要呢?
This is全民政治, but what people important?
西方的左派倾向于强调世界上当今一代人的利益，或者最近因为环境保护运动的影响开始关注下一代人的利益。
Western leftists the world tend to emphasise the interests of today's generation, or the recent impact of the Environmental Campaign began to pay attention to the interests of the next generation.
但是儒家还认真考虑我们死去的祖先的利益。
However, Confucianism is also seriously consider our ancestors died interests.
在韩国和中国南部省份如福建，许多家庭和社区还举行祭祀祖先的活动。
South Korea and China in the southern provinces such as Fujian, and many families and communities also held ancestor worship activities.
只关注世界当今一代人利益而忽略下一代或者逝去的祖先的利益的政府在左派儒家看来是不公正的。
Only concerned about the world of today's generation and ignores the interests of the next generation or the interests of deceased ancestors in the leftist government of Confucianism seems to be unjust.
因此，左派儒学提出了比西方民主模式更好实现全球正义的政治模式。
Therefore, the left-wing Confucian made better than the Western model of democracy to achieve global justice and political model.
这个理想不一定是个前文所说的人人平等对待他人的世界，儒家更喜欢把关心向外延伸，但认识到关心的强度随着从亲人向陌生人的延伸而不断减弱。
This ideal is not necessarily the former text said that everyone is equal treatment of other people's world, Confucianism is more like to extend outward concern, but recognised that the intensity of concern from relatives to strangers as an extension of the dwindling.
虽然如此，在这样的世界，如果和大部分以本国国民为基础的民主国家相比的话，陌生人的利益将被更严肃地对待。
Nevertheless, in this world, and most if its nationals based on the democratic countries, then the interests of strangers will be more seriously.
实现全球正义的一个关键价值是精英管理(meritocracy)，也就是说人人在教育和管理方面具有平等的机会，但领导岗位分配给该群体中最有美德和最称职的人。
The achievement of global justice is a key value of the elite management (meritocracy), that is to say that everyone in the education and management have equal opportunities, but leadership positions assigned to the groups most of the United States and Germany and most competent people.
这里的观点是每个人都有潜力成为道德君子，但是在现实生活中，做出有效的和可靠判断的能力是因人而异的。
Here the view that everyone has the potential to become a moral gentleman, but in real life, to make effective and reliable to determine the ability to vary from person to person.
那么如何辨认出拥有超越常人能力的人?
Well, how to identify the owner the ability to go beyond the ordinary people?
其中一个办法就是给予年长者额外的投票权：
儒学认为一般来说，人的智慧是随着年龄的增长而增加的，人们的生活经验随着经历了不同的角色而变得深刻(成年的儿子关照年长的父母的角色特别能培养同情和谦逊的美德)，在某些角色上经历时间越长(比如有几年工作经验的医生肯定比刚当医生的人对疾病有更好的了解和更准确的判断)。
One way is to give seniors an additional right to vote: Confucianism that generally speaking, wisdom is with age increases, and people's life experience with the experience of the different roles and become a profound (adult son take care of the elderly in particular the role of parents to foster the virtues of compassion and humility), in certain roles through the longer (for example, there are few doctors working experience are certainly higher than just a doctor, people have a better understanding of diseases and more accurate judgments).
另外一个建议是，成立由精英分子组成的政府机构来维护经过民主选举产生的政治决策者往往忽视的人(比如外国人、少数民族等)的利益。
Another suggestion was to set up by the elite, composed of government agencies to protect the democratically elected political decision-makers tended to ignore the people (such as foreigners, minorities, etc.) interests.
尽管这个建议还谈不上完善，但它至少更好地接近了全球正义的理想。
Although this proposal was also not perfect, but it is better, at least close to the ideal of global justice.
儒学的普遍有效性 The universal validity of Confucianism
早期儒家思想家认为他们的理想具有普遍有效性，是旨在适用于整个人类的思想，理想的社会是由认同(或者生活在)这些理想中的人所组成的。
Early Confucian thinkers believe that their ideal of universal validity, is intended to apply to the idea of the whole of humanity, an ideal society is composed of identity (or live in) these ideals in the composition of the person.
世界各地不同的人按不同的价值观生活的差异性世界长期以来被认为不是最好的状态。
Different people around the world according to different values of the difference of life had long been considered the world is not the best condition.
在这个意义上，儒学是作为具有普遍有效性的哲学提出来的。
In this sense, Confucianism as a philosophy of universal validity of the initiative.
说自由主义是普世价值而儒学是特殊价值是不准确的：
它们都是普世价值。
That liberalism is a universal value and Confucianism is of particular value is not accurate: they are universal values.
但是哪种儒学解释在当今中国最有意义取决于特殊的因素。
But what kind of Confucianism in China today to explain the most significant depends on the special factors.
它依赖于中国人现在实际上想的是什么。
It relies on the Chinese people would like to now actually is.
任何解释都必须与基本理想保持一致，虽然它也应该被用来改善这些理想。
Any explanation must be consistent with the fundamental ideals, although it should be used to improve these ideals.
比如，左派儒学对中国人有吸引力，是因为它是建立在人们普遍赞同的价值观如关注弱势群体的基础上的。
For example, the left-wing of Confucianism on the Chinese people are attractive because it is built on the values of people in general agree that vulnerable groups such as the concern on the basis of.
儒学解释也要看某些说法是否能够得到经验证据支持：
比如，通常认为，照顾年长父母乃是培养人们把同情心延及他人这一意识的一种重要机制，对这种说法进行检验是非常重要的。
Confucianism to explain it also depends on whether or not certain that the experience can be supported by evidence: for example, is generally believed that, to care for their aged parents is to cultivate compassion extends to others, this awareness of an important mechanism of this test is very important.
在什么条件下，儒学可能被世界其他地方认为是有吸引力的呢?
Under what conditions, Confucianism may be other parts of the world that is so attractive?
一个条件是当社会遭遇了漫长的信心危机时。
A condition is encountered when the confidence of a long crisis.
一个让人伤心的真理或许是当自己的方式存在问题的时候，人们才更容易向他人学习。
A sad truth may be in its own way when there are problems, there was only easier to learn from others.
中国知识分子就是在传统社会和政治生活崩溃后才开始向西方学习的。
Chinese intellectuals in the traditional social and political life after the collapse of the West began to learn.
西方或许需要在类似的信心危机后，才能让多数西方知识分子转向儒学寻求希望和灵感。
Western may need a similar confidence in the crisis, in order for the majority of Western intellectuals turned Confucianism to seek hope and inspiration.
与此同时，西方如果不是尊重，至少要宽容具有道德合理性的差异性是非常重要的。
At the same time, the West, if not respect, at least have a moral and reasonable tolerance of differences is very important.
帮助儒学走向世界的另外一个条件是，人们普遍认为儒家价值影响了中国的政治实践和制度，也就是说理论具有了生命力。
Confucianism in the world to help another condition is that people generally felt that the impact of the Confucian value of China's political practice and systems, that is to say with the vitality of the theory.
一旦中国的国家行为符合儒家道德观念，那就能产生自己的软实力并把它推广到世界其他地方。
Once China's national actions are consistent with the Confucian moral values, it will be able to produce their own soft power and to extend it to other parts of the world.
【贝淡宁(Daniel A.
Bell)先生在2008年12月13日参加21世纪经济报道经济年会时，曾发表同主题的演讲，之后他又根据其新著《中国新儒家：
变化的社会中的政治和日常生活》(普林斯顿大学出版社2008年)中的相关内容，写成此文，并请吴万伟先生译为中文。
【Pui short Nanjing (Daniel A.
Bell) in December 13, 2008 economic report to participate in the 21st century economy will be the year when he made a speech with the theme, after which he also based on its new book "China's New Confucianism: changing social in political and daily life "(Princeton University Press 2008) the relevant content, written text, and requested Mr Wu Wanwei translated into Chinese.
】
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